A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by

gravity In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things with mass or energy. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the stro ...

, with typical masses ranging from 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ solar masses. They are the second-largest known

gravitationally bound The gravitational binding energy of a system is the minimum energy which must be added to it in order for the system to cease being in a gravitationally bound state. A gravitationally bound system has a lower (''i.e.'', more negative) gravitati ...

structures in the

universe The universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. ...

after

galaxy filament In cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets) Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars" ; ;R.G. Clowes; "Large Qu ...

s and were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. One of the key features of clusters is the

intracluster medium In astronomy, the intracluster medium (ICM) is the superheated plasma that permeates a galaxy cluster. The gas consists mainly of ionized hydrogen and helium and accounts for most of the baryonic material in galaxy clusters. The ICM is heated to t ...

(ICM). The ICM consists of heated gas between the galaxies and has a peak temperature between 2–15 keV that is dependent on the total mass of the cluster. Galaxy clusters should not be confused with ''galactic clusters'' (also known as

open cluster An open cluster is a type of star cluster made of up to a few thousand stars that were formed from the same giant molecular cloud and have roughly the same age. More than 1,100 open clusters have been discovered within the Milky Way galaxy, an ...

s), which are star clusters ''within'' galaxies, or with

globular cluster A globular cluster is a spheroidal conglomeration of stars. Globular clusters are bound together by gravity, with a higher concentration of stars towards their centers. They can contain anywhere from tens of thousands to many millions of membe ...

s, which typically orbit galaxies. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as

galaxy group A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxie ...

s rather than clusters of galaxies. The

galaxy groups and clusters Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In models for the grav ...

can themselves cluster together to form superclusters. Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby Universe include the

Virgo Cluster The Virgo Cluster is a large cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly (16.5 ± 0.1 Mpc) away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1,300 (and possibly up to 2,000) member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the la ...

Fornax Cluster The Fornax Cluster is a cluster of galaxies lying at a distance of 19 megaparsecs (62 million light-years). It has an estimated mass of solar masses, making it the second richest galaxy cluster within 100 million light-years, after the consider ...

, Hercules Cluster, and the

Coma Cluster The Coma Cluster (Abell 1656) is a large cluster of galaxies that contains over 1,000 identified galaxies. Along with the Leo Cluster (Abell 1367), it is one of the two major clusters comprising the Coma Supercluster. It is located in and tak ...

. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the

Great Attractor The Great Attractor is a gravitational anomaly in intergalactic space and the apparent central gravitational point of the Laniakea Supercluster. The observed anomalies suggest a localized concentration of mass millions of times more massive than ...

, dominated by the

Norma Cluster The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich cluster of galaxies located near the center of the Great Attractor; it is about distant. Although it is both nearby and bright, it is difficult to observe because it is located in the Zone of ...

, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the Universe. Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift Universe include

SPT-CL J0546-5345 SPT-CL J0546-5345 is one of the most massive galaxy clusters ever found in the early universe. It is thought to be 7 billion light years away. It was discovered at the South Pole Telescope in 2008 by the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-Effect. The cl ...

and

SPT-CL J2106-5844 SPT-CLJ2106-5844 is a galaxy cluster located 7.5 billion light years from Earth. It was discovered by scientists from the South Pole Telescope Collaboration, using the South Pole Telescope The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a diameter telescope ...

, the most massive galaxy clusters found in the early Universe. In the last few decades, they are also found to be relevant sites of particle acceleration, a feature that has been discovered by observing non-thermal diffuse radio emissions, such as

radio halo Radio halos are large-scale sources of diffuse radio emission found in the center of some, but not all, galaxy clusters.Feretti, L., and G. Swarup. "The Universe at Low Radio Frequencies." Proceedings of IAU Symposium. Vol. 199. 2002. There are t ...

s and

radio relics Radio Relics are diffuse synchrotron radio sources found in the peripheral regions of galaxy clusters. As in the case of radio halos, they do not have any obvious galaxy counterpart, but their shapes are much more elongated and irregular compar ...

. Using the

Chandra X-ray Observatory The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space telescope launched aboard the during STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 1 ...

, structures such as cold fronts and

shock waves In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a med ...

have also been found in many galaxy clusters.

Basic properties

Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties: * They contain 100 to 1,000 galaxies, hot

X-ray An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30&nb ...

emitting gas and large amounts of

dark matter Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is called "dark" because it does not appear to interact with the electromagnetic field, which means it does not a ...

. Details are described in the "Composition" section. * The distribution of the three components is approximately the same in the cluster. * They have total masses of 10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ solar masses. * They typically have a diameter from 1 to 5 Mpc (see 10²³ m for distance comparisons). * The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000 km/s.

Composition

There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are tabulated below:

Classification

Galaxy clusters are categorized as type I, II, or III based on morphology.

Galaxy clusters as measuring instruments

Gravitational redshift

Galaxy clusters have been used by Radek Wojtak from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen to test predictions of

general relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...

: energy loss from light escaping a gravitational field. Photons emitted from the center of a galaxy cluster should lose more energy than photons coming from the edge of the cluster because gravity is stronger in the center. Light emitted from the center of a cluster has a longer wavelength than light coming from the edge. This effect is known as

gravitational redshift In physics and general relativity, gravitational redshift (known as Einstein shift in older literature) is the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or photons travelling out of a gravitational well (seem to) lose energy. This loss of energy ...

. Using the data collected from 8000 galaxy clusters, Wojtak was able to study the properties of gravitational redshift for the distribution of galaxies in clusters. He found that the light from the clusters was redshifted in proportion to the distance from the center of the cluster as predicted by general relativity. The result also strongly supports the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model of the Universe, according to which most of the cosmos is made up of

Dark Matter Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is called "dark" because it does not appear to interact with the electromagnetic field, which means it does not a ...

that does not interact with matter.

Gravitational lensing

Galaxy clusters are also used for their strong gravitational potential as gravitational lenses to boost the reach of their telescopes. The gravitational distortion of space-time occurs near massive galaxy clusters and bends the path of photons to create a cosmic magnifying glass. This can be done with photons of any wavelength from the optical to the X-ray band. The latter is more difficult, because galaxy clusters emit a lot of X-rays. However, X-ray emission may still be detected when combining X-ray data to optical data. One particular case is the use of the Phoenix galaxy cluster to observe a dwarf galaxy in its early high energy stages of star formation.

List

Gallery

Images

File:Distant_and_ancient_SPT0615-JD.jpg, Galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615-5746. File:Strings of homeless stars RXC J0232.2-4420.jpg, Galaxy cluster RXC J0232.2-4420. File:From toddlers to babies RXC J0032.1+1808.jpg, Galaxy cluster RXC J0032.1+1808 as part of th
RELICS
program. File:Approaching the Universe's origins PSZ2 G138.61-10.84.jpg, Massive galaxy cluster PSZ2 G138.61-10.84 is about six billion light-years away. File:HAWK-I and Hubble Explore a Cluster with the Mass of two Quadrillion Suns.jpg, HAWK-I and Hubble explore

RCS2 J2327 RCS2 J2327 (also identified as RCS2 J2327-0204) is an extremely massive galaxy cluster. It is located approximately 6.4 billion light-years away in the constellation of Pisces, thus making it one of the farthest clusters away from Earth. Recent s ...

cluster with the mass of two quadrillion Suns. File:Streaks and stripes Abell 2537.jpg, Abell 2537 is useful in probing cosmic phenomena like dark matter and dark energy. File:Cosmic RELICS Abell 1300.jpg, Abell 1300 acts like a lens, bending the very fabric of space around it. File:Cosmic archaeology WHL J24.3324-8.477.jpg, Galaxy cluster WHL J24.3324-8.477. File:Hubble pushed beyond limits to spot clumps of new stars in distant galaxy.jpg, Background galaxy has been gravitationally lensed by the intervening galaxy cluster. File:HST-Smiling-GalaxyClusterSDSS-J1038+4849-20150210.jpg, "

Smiley A smiley, sometimes referred to as a smiley face, is a basic ideogram that represents a smiling face. Since the 1950s it has become part of popular culture worldwide, used either as a standalone ideogram, or as a form of communication, such a ...

" image – galaxy cluster (SDSS J1038+4849) &

gravitational lensing A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels toward the observer. This effect is known ...

(an

Einstein ring An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth. Due to gravitational lensing, the light is dive ...

) ( HST). File:Image of the galaxy cluster SpARCS1049.jpg, Galaxy cluster SpARCS1049 taken by Spitzer and the Hubble Space Telescope. File:PIA20052-GalaxyCluster-MOO-J1142+1527-20151103.jpg, Galaxy cluster MOO J1142+1527 discovered by the MaDCoWS survey File:Heic1401a-Abell2744-20140107.jpg,

Abell 2744 Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's Cluster, is a giant galaxy cluster resulting from the simultaneous pile-up of at least four separate, smaller galaxy clusters that took place over a span of 350 million years, and is located approximately 4 billion ...

galaxy cluster ( HST). File:Magnifying the distant Universe.jpg, Magnifying the distant universe through

MACS J0454.1-0300 Macs or MACS may refer to: *a Mac computer, a nickname for the Macintosh brand * "macs" (short story), by Terry Bisson * Magellanic Catalogue of Stars, a catalogue of positions for stars covering large areas around the Large and Small Magellanic Cl ...

. File:14-296-GalaxyClusters-PerseusVirgo-ChandraXRay-20141027.jpg,

Turbulence In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between ...

may prevent galaxy clusters from cooling ; illustrated:

Perseus Cluster The Perseus cluster (Abell 426) is a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Perseus. It has a recession speed of 5,366 km/ s and a diameter of 863′. It is one of the most massive objects in the known universe, containing thousands o ...

and

( Chandra X-ray). File:Color image of galaxy cluster MCS J0416.1–2403.jpg, MACS0416.1-2403 imaged by the HST File:Light_Bends_from_the_Beyond.jpg, The galaxy cluster Abell 2813 (also known as ACO 2813) image from the NASA/ESA

Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope (often referred to as HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most vers ...

File:A_Menagerie_of_Galaxies.jpg, A Menagerie of Galaxies — The galaxy cluster

ACO S 295 ACO, AcO, or Aco may refer to: Organizations * Accountable care organization, healthcare organization characterized by a specific payment and care delivery model * Aco Records, a British 1920s record label * ACO, C.A., a Venezuelan holding comp ...

File:Cosmic_Lens_Flare.jpg, Cosmic Lens Flare File:Hubble spots three images of a distant supernova.jpg, Hubble spots three images of a distant supernova

Videos

File:Artist’s impression of a protocluster forming in the early Universe.ogv, Video: Formation of galaxy cluster

MRC 1138-262 The Spiderweb Galaxy (PGC 2826829, MRC 1138-262) is an irregular galaxy located in the Hydra constellation, with a redshift of 2.156, which is 10.6 billion light years from the Milky Way. It has been imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope on 12 ...

(artist's concept).

References

{{Portal bar, Astronomy, Stars, Spaceflight, Outer space, Solar System Cluster Articles containing video clips